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Indian Bengali writer (1879–1938)

Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay (also spelt as Sarat Chandra Chatterjee and Saratchandra Chatterji; 15 Sept 1876 – 16 January 1938), was a Bengali novelist and short edifice writer of the early 20th century.^[1] He generally wrote about the lives of Bengali family and society link with cities and villages.^[2] However, his zealous powers of observation, great sympathy contemplate fellow human beings, a deep know-how of human psychology (including the "ways and thoughts and languages of unit and children"), an easy and spiritual leader writing style, and freedom from bureaucratic biases and social prejudices enable authority writing to transcend barriers and set up to all Indians.^[3] He remains rendering most popular, translated, and adapted Amerind author of all time.^[4][5]

Early life

Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay was born on 15 Sept 1876,^[6] in a Bengali Brahmin kinfolk in Debanandapur, a small village hurt Hooghly, West Bengal, about 50 kilometres from Kolkata.^[7] He was his priest Matilal and mother Bhubanmohini's oldest secure and second child.^[8]

Sarat Chandra wrote send out the English translation of his classic book Srikanta:

"My childhood and young manhood were passed in great poverty. Berserk received almost no education for hope for of means. From my father Berserk inherited nothing except, as I duplicate, his restless spirit and his on one`s toes interest in literature. The first notion me a tramp and sent come to out tramping the whole of Bharat quite early, and the second uncomplicated me a dreamer all my strive. Father was a great scholar, prep added to he had tried his hand administrator stories and novels, dramas and rhyming, in short, every branch of learning, but never could finish anything. Frenzied have not his work now—somehow expect got lost; but I remember poring over those incomplete messes, over abide over again in my childhood, gift many a night I kept bestir oneself regretting their incompleteness and thinking what might have been their conclusion allowing finished. Probably this led to tidy up writing short stories when I was barely seventeen."^[1]

Poverty forced the family toady to live for long periods in Bhuvanmohini's father's (and later brother's) home guarantee Bhagalpur, Bihar.^[8]

Sarat Chandra was a fearless, adventure-loving boy. He attended schools thorough and around Debanandapur and in Bhagalpur.^[9] His strong performance in English boss other subjects was rewarded with unornamented "double promotion" that enabled him hold forth skip a grade. However, in 1892, financial difficulties forced him to establish oneself out of school for one year.^[10] He began writing stories at righteousness time.

In 1894, Sarat Chandra passed his Entrance Examination (public examination deride the end of Class X) view entered Tejnarayan Jubilee College. He mature an interest in English literature sit read A Tale of Two Cities and David Copperfield by Charles Author and other novels.^[11] He organized regular children's literary society in Bhagalpur, which published a handwritten magazine. Two stage later, his formal studies ended gorilla he could not pay the xx rupees examination fee.^[8][12]

On his wife's sortout in 1895, Matilal left the household of his in-laws and moved excellence family to a mud house love Bhagalpur. In 1896, he sold dominion ancestral house to repay debts. Sarat Chandra spent time interacting with acquaintances, acting in plays, and playing amusements and games. He seriously read letters and wrote several famous works together with Bordidi, Chandranath, and Devdas. And authenticate he stopped writing: "But I presently gave up the habit as bungling, and almost forgot in the spread out years that followed that I could even write a sentence in slump boyhood."^[1]

After holding sundry jobs, Sarat Chandra got upset with his father become more intense left home. He wandered from font to place In the guise honor a sannyasin (monk). Little is common about what he did during that period. On getting the news comprehensive his father's death, Sarat Chandra came back and did his father's shraddha (memorial service). His oldest sister was already married. He deposited his residual siblings with a friend and one\'s own flesh and went to Calcutta (today's Kolkata) to try out his luck.^[8]

In Calcutta, Sarat Chandra worked for six months translating Hindi paper books into Honourably for an advocate. In January 1903, he went to Burma (today's Myanmar).

Before leaving for Burma, at nobility insistence of an uncle, Sarat Chandra sent the story "Mandir" to leadership "Kuntaleen Story Competition." It won nobility first prize out of 150 submissions. Mandir was published under another uncle's name. The story was 27-year-old Sarat Chandra's first printed work.^[10][11]

Life in Burma

Sarat Chandra lived in Burma for cardinal years.^[8][11] He first held sundry jobs in Rangoon and Pegu (today's Rangoon and Bago, respectively). He eventually arrive on the scene work in Burma Public Works Financial affairs Office in Rangoon.

Most of tiara stay in Rangoon was in decency BotahtaungPazundaung neighbourhood where "mistris" (manual teachers, mechanics, craftsmen, artisans) lived. He openly mixed with them. He wrote their job applications, mediated conflicts, gave them homeopathic medicine for free, even gave monetary help. The mistris had as back up respect for him.

During his block in Rangoon, Sarat Chandra read broadly. He borrowed books on various subjects, including sociology, politics, philosophy, physiology, madwoman, history, scriptures, and other topics distance from the Bernard Free Library.^[11] Signs illustrate heart problems slightly slowed down rule intense study habits. He also began to paint.

In 1912, the timber house where he lived on Lansdowne Road got burnt down. He left out his belongings including his paintings, countryside the manuscript of his novel Choritrohin, which he rewrote.

He resumed penmanship after a gap of about 18 years: "Some of my old acquaintances started a little magazine, but cack-handed one of note would condescend pop in contribute to it, as it was so small and insignificant. When nearly hopeless, some of them suddenly great me, and after much persuasion they succeeded in extracting from me organized promise to write for it. That was in the year 1913. Beside oneself promised most unwillingly—perhaps only to draft them off till I had requited to Rangoon and could forget dexterous about it. But sheer volume professor force of their letters and telegrams compelled me at last to guess seriously about writing again. I propel them a short story, for their magazine Jamuna. This became at in times gone by extremely popular, and made me eminent in one day. Since then Uncontrollable have been writing regularly. In Bengal perhaps I am the only successful writer who has not had memo struggle."^[1]

In 1916, he resigned from emperor job due to ill health near moved to Calcutta.^[8]

Later life

In 1916, fastidious forty-year-old Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay moved wrest Howrah, the twin city of Calcutta. He became a full-time writer.

His stories and serialized novels were accessible in magazines such as Jamuna, Bharatvarsha, and Narayan. Later, his novels final story collections would get published renovation books. He either got nothing burrow took nothing from the publisher be intended for his first novel, Bardidi.^[11] He put up for sale the rights to his second available novel, Biraj Bou, for two multitude rupees. His works became immensely common. Royalties from his published works enabled him to escape lifelong poverty towards the first time.

In 1918, glory novel Biraj Bou was adapted emancipation the stage and performed in decency famous Star Theatre.^[11] The same period, James Drummond Anderson wrote an being entitled "A New Bengali Writer" encompass the Times Literary Supplement, which extrinsic Sarat Chandra to a Western readership.

In 1919, Chandrashekhar Pathak translated the novel Biraj Bou into Sanskrit. This was the first translation catch sight of Sarat Chandra's work in another Amerindian language. Translations of his works be Marathi, Gujarati, and other Indian languages were published in the years delay followed.

The first English translation of Sarat Chandra's work, Srikanta (Volume I), was published by the Oxford University Plead in 1922. The first film family unit on Sarat Chandra's writings, silent film over Andhare Aalo, was released the outfit year.

Sarat Chandra was a sturdy supporter of the Indian freedom current. He was the president of probity Howrah District Congress Committee branch reveal the Indian National Congress.^[13] He further gave cash and other support make sure of Indian revolutionary freedom fighters. He was friends with Chittaranjan Das, Subhas Chandra Bose, and many other freedom fighters and political leaders. While most grow mouldy his works avoided politics, his contemporary Pather Dabi (1926) heavily criticized illustriousness British Raj. The book was outlawed by the colonial British Government draw round India, a restriction removed after Sarat Chandra's death.

Great academic recognition came to Sarat Chandra, whose formal studies ended at Class XII. His complex entered the school and college curricula. In 1923, the University of Calcutta awarded him the prestigious Jagattarini Fortune Medal.^[13] He was a paper compositor in Bengali in the B.A. interrogation at the university. In 1936, birth University of Dacca awarded him neat Doctor of Literature (honoris causa).^[14] Omit for Sarat Chandra, all honourees fake been recipients of knighthood. His fresh Pather Dabi did not endear him to the colonial British government.

He built his own house, first epoxy resin Samta and then in Calcutta. Flair moved into his new Calcutta nurse in 1935. He planned to globe-trotting trips to Europe, but his health was failing. He was diagnosed with goods cancer. On 16 January 1938, filth died in Park Nursing Home swindle South Calcutta.

Personal life

Sarat Chandra's divine was Matilal Chattopadhyay and mother Bhubanmohini Devi. Subhash. C. Sarker writes: "His father was an utterly restless person—more of a dreamer than a naturalist ... By contrast Sarat Chandar's local, Bhubanmohini Devi, was a hardworking muslim who braved all the adversities lady life with a calm patience."^[13] Sarkar also writes "The mother (Bhubanmohini) confidential an unmistakable impact on the long-suffering make-up of the son (Sarat) in that could be seen from the lordship of the female characters in coronate literary creations. Practically all the meaningful ladies in Sarat Chandra's stories lookout self-sacrificing in one way or authority other."

Sarat Chandra was the secondbest of seven siblings, five of whom lived to adulthood. The oldest was sister Anila Devi, who lived do better than her husband in Gobindapur village care for Howrah district. Next to him was Prabhas Chandra. He joined the Ramakrishna Mission and was given the monkhood name Swami Vedananda. The youngest fellowman, Prakash Chandra, lived in Sarat Chandra's household with his family. The youngest sibling, sister Sushila Devi, was besides married.

In Rangoon, Sarat Chandra's playmate downstairs was a Bengali "mistri" (a blue-collar worker) who had arranged king daughter's marriage to an alcoholic. Probity daughter Shanti Chakrabarty begged him pick out rescue her. Sarat Chandra married waste away in 1906. Two years later, dirt was devastated when his wife stake one-year old son died from misfortune.

A Bengali mistri friend, Krishna Das Adhikari, requested him to marry diadem 14-year-old widow daughter, Mokshada. Sarat Chandra was initially reluctant, but he at last agreed. He renamed his wife Hironmoyee and taught her to read extremity write. She outlived him by 23 years. They did not have commonplace children.

House of Chattopadhyay

Main article: Sarat Chandra Kuthi

After returning from Burma, Sarat Chandra stayed for 11 years integrate Baje Shibpur, Howrah. Then he obligated a house in the village apparent Samta, in 1923, where he dead beat the later twelve years of sovereign life as a novelist. His podium is known as Sarat Chandra Kuthi. The two-storied Burmese style house was also home to Sarat Chandra's relation, Swami Vedananda. His and his brother's samadhi are within the house's enclosure. Trees like bamboo and guava naturalized by the renowned author still unintelligible tall in the gardens of influence house.^[15]

Impact and legacy

J. D. Anderson's Views

James Drummond Anderson, who was a affiliate of the prestigious Indian Civil Use of British India and a best authority on several Indian languages, was an early admirer of Sarat Chandra. In an article entitled "A Latest Bengali Writer" in London's prestigious Times Literary Supplement dated 11 July 1918, Anderson writes:^[3] "His knowledge of rendering ways and thoughts and language take possession of women and children, his power footnote transferring these vividly to the printed page, are such as are scarce indeed in any country. In Bharat, and especially in the great "joint family" residences of Bengal, swarming look into women of all ages and babies of all sizes, there is unembellished form of speech appropriated to women's needs, which Mr. [Rudyard] Kipling speak out describes as choti boli, the "little language." Of this Mr. Chatterjee court case an admirable master, to an fully indeed not yet attained, we make up, by any other Indian writer.

Anderson comments about Sarat Chandra's fondness avoidable the past: "Mr. Chatterjee is wellknown too true an artist to party his gift of kindly yet in every respect accurate observation to be distracted rough social or political prejudice. He not bad, we gather, on the whole susceptible towards a sane conservatism: he remainder a Hindu at heart in practised country whose whole civilization is household on Hindu culture. He has, surprise dimly suspect, his doubts as ingratiate yourself with the wisdom and working of Europeanized versions of the old religion build up the old customs. But he recapitulate so keen and amused a viewer of the life about him, bon gr in cosmopolitan Calcutta or in soporific little villages buried in dense abundance among the sunny ricefields, that stir is not without doubts and selfdoubt that we attribute to him graceful tendency to praise past times increase in intensity comfortable old conventions."

Regarding Sarat Chandra's popularity, he noted: "It is last part excellent omen that Mr. Chatterjee's estrangement has received such instant and ample appreciation in his own country Gatehouse us hope that in other Asiatic provinces there are rising authors though keenly observant and gifted with copperplate like faculty of easy and abnormal expression."

About the difficulties of translating his work, Anderson opines: "It can be doubted whether Mr. Chatterjee's tales can be adequately rendered into Nation, and therefore, perhaps, some apology assignment due to English readers who could never come across any of dignity work of this talented young Bengali." Anderson planned to translate his plant. But he died in 1920 topmost the translations never happened.

Anderson's entity was both prophetic and one succeed the best assessments of Sarat Chandra.

Views of Indian Writers and Academics

The phenomenal popularity of Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay has been attested by some befit the most prominent writers as in good health as literary critics across India pulse their writings.^[16] Most of the authors in Assam and Odisha, at depth before the Independence, read him admiringly in original Bengali; rest of Bharat read him in translations in changing quality.

Publishers were never tired admonishment reprinting his works; he remains decency most translated, the most adapted bear the most plagiarized author.^[16] His novels also reached a number of be sociable through the medium of film topmost he is still an important functional in Indian cinema.

Malayalam poet stake lyricist O. N. V. Kurup^[16] writes "...Sarat Chandra's name is cherished orang-utan dearly as the names of grand Malayalam novelists. His name has anachronistic a household word".

Dr Mirajkar^[17] informs "the translations of Sarat Chandra actualized a stir amongst the readers alight writers all over Maharashtra. He has become a known literary personality din in Maharashtra in the rank of batty popular Marathi writers including H. Made-up. Apte, V. S. Khandekar, N. Harsh. Phadke and G. T. Madkholkar".

Jainendra Kumar,^[16] who considers that his effort towards the creation and preservation bring to an end cultural India is second, perhaps, solitary to that of Gandhi, asks elegant rhetorical question summing up Sarat Chandra's position and presumably the role a mixture of translation and inter-literary relationship: "Sarat Chandra was a writer in Bengali; nevertheless where is that Indian language hard cash which he did not become grandeur most popular when he reached it?"

Screen Adaptations

Further information: Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay filmography

Nearly 90 screen adaptations have bent made in the Indian subcontinent supported on Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay's works.^[18]

Devdas

His Devdas is a perennial favourite of administration and producers. More than twenty movies and television series have been home-produced on this novel. They have bent made in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan; in languages Assamese, Bengali, Hindi, Malayalam, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu.

Multiple Screen Adaptations

His romantic drama novel Datta was adapted into the Bengali layer as Datta in 1951 directed be oblivious to Saumyen Mukhopadhyay starring Sunanda Banerjee build up Manoranjan Bhattacharyya with Ahindra Choudhury brand Rashbehari,^[19][20] The 1961 Telugu film Vagdanam by Acharya Aatreya was loosely family unit on the novel. The 1976 Asiatic film starring Suchitra Sen and Soumitra Chatterjee and a 2023 film star Rituparna Sengupta were based on Datta.

Apne Paraye (1980) by Basu Chatterjee, starring Amol Palekar, was based pastime Nishkriti.^[21] The Telugu film Thodi Kodallu (1957) was also based on that novel.

In 1957 Bardidi (translate: elementary sister) was made by director Ajoy Kar based on the novel house the same name. Two more movies on the novel followed. In 1961, Batasari (translation: Wayfarer) was made in Dravidian language, produced and directed by Ramakrishna of Bharani Pictures. It was from time to time made in Tamil as Kaanal Neer (translation: Mirage).

Rajlakshmi O Srikanta (1958) stream Indranath Srikanta O Annadadidi (1959), household on Srikanta, were made by Haridas Bhattacharya, Kamallata (1969), Rajlakshmi Srikanta (1987), Iti Srikanta (2004) were also household on Srikanta.

Parineeta has also bent made several times in both Magadhan and Hindi.

Chandranath (1957), starring Uttam Kumar and Suchitra Sen, was homespun on Sarat Chandra's novella Chandranath. Probity 1966 Kannada movie Thoogudeepa was likewise based on the same novel. Chandranath (1984) won four awards in righteousness 1984 National Film Awards of Bangladesh.

Other Movies

Majhli Didi (1967) by Hrishikesh Mukherjee and Swami (1977), for which he was awarded the Filmfare Give for Best Story, are other adaptations.

Chhoti Bahu (1971) is based revive his novel Bindur Chhele.

Gulzar's 1975 film, Khushboo is majorly inspired bid his work Pandit Mashay.

The 2011 film Aalo Chhaya is based endorse his short story, Aalo O Chhaya.

Sabyasachi (film) was released in 1977 based on his work Pather Dabi.

Award

Sarat Chandra posthumously won the 1978 Filmfare Award for Best Story ration Swami (1977).

Works

Sarat Chandra primarily wrote novels, novellas, and stories.^[22] In 1903, his first printed work, Mandir, was published. His first novel, Bardidi, was serialized in the Bharati magazine delighted made him famous.^[8]

Novels and Novellas

• Bardidi (1907, 1913)
• Biraj Bou (1914)
• Chandranath (1916)
• Parinita (1916)
• Baikunther Will (1916)
• Pallisomaj (1916)
• Devdas (1917)
• Choritrohin (1917)
• Nishkrti (1917)
• Srikanta (Part 1–4, 1917–1933)
• Datta (1918)
• Grihadaha (1920)
• Dena-Paona (1923)
• Pather Dabi (1926)
• Shes Proshno (1931)

He also wrote essays, which were anthologized in Narir Mulya (1923) and Svadesh O Sahitya (1932). Shrikanta, Charitrahin, Devdas, Grihadaha, Dena-Paona be first Pather Dabi are among his peak popular works. Pather Dabi was unlawful by the British Government because be in command of its revolutionary theme. His posthumous publications include Chhelebelar Galpa, Shubhada (1938), Sheser Parichay (1939), Sharat Chandrer Granthabali (1948) and Sharat Chandrer Aprakashita Rachanabali (1951).

He wrote some essays including Narir Itihas (The History of Women) standing Narir Mulya (The Value of Women). Narir Itihas, which was lost infant a house fire, contained a chronicle of women on the lines work out Spencer's Descriptive Sociology. While the following, Narir Mulya gives a theory take away women's rights in the context fend for Mill's and Spencer's arguments.^[23]

Stories

• Aalo O Chhaya
• Abhagir Swargo
• Anupamar Prem
• Anuradha
• Andhare Aalo
• Balya Smriti
• Bilashi
• Bindur Chhele, (Bindu's Son) 1913
• Bojha
• Cheledhora
• Chobi
• Darpochurno (Broken Pride)
• Ekadoshi Bairagi
• Kashinath
• Haricharan
• Harilakshmi
• Lalu (parts 1, 2, and 3)
• Mamlar Phol
• Mandir
• Mahesh (The Drought)
• Mejdidi
• Bochor Panchash Purber Ekti Kahini
• Paresh
• Path Nirdesh
• Ramer Shumoti, (Ram's Good Sense) 1914
• Sati
• Swami (The Husband)

Plays Sarat Chandra converted three lay out his works into plays.

• Bijoya
• Rama
• Shoroshi
• Jai hind

Essays

• Narir Mulya
• Swadesh O Sahitya
• Taruner Bidroho

Other works

• Dehati Samaj, 1920
• Sharoda (published posthumously)

Biography

See also

References

Notes

External links